Configuring Lubuntu 18.04 to enable hibernation using a swap file

In an earlier post about Lubuntu 18.04 I stated that hibernation is precluded because the Lubuntu Installer installs the OS with a swap file instead of a swap partition. In fact, even with a swap file it is possible to configure Lubuntu so that hibernation is possible. This is how I did it.

1.  This PC has 4 GiB RAM but the Lubuntu Installer had created a 2 GiB swap file named /swapfile, so I increased the size of the swap file to 4 GiB to ensure it was large enough to store the memory image:

user $ sudo swapoff -a
user $ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=4M
user $ sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
user $ sudo mkswap /swapfile
user $ sudo swapoff -a
user $ sudo swapon /swapfile

user $ cat /proc/meminfo | grep -i memtotal
MemTotal:        3924108 kB
user $ ls -la /swapfile
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Jul 10 18:25 /swapfile

Note that you can check the status of the swap file before and after the above steps by using either of the following commands:

user $ swapon -s
user $ free -m

2.  The Lubuntu Installer had previously configured /etc/fstab for the swap file, so I left that as it is:

user $ grep swapfile /etc/fstab
/swapfile                                 none            swap    sw              0       0

3.  I checked on which device the root partition with the file /swapfile is located (sda2 in my case) and found out its UUID (ignore the PARTUUID):

user $ sudo blkid
[sudo] password for fitzcarraldo:
/dev/sda1: UUID="3602-BD57" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI System Partition" PARTUUID="72b3693e-b81f-7299-84fb-bf3781bef43d"
/dev/sda2: UUID="afe17116-26fa-4169-b2d9-fb6ac8afc63c" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="738fed17-293d-832f-c7a4-e83471fe8ca6"

4.  I found the resume_offset for the file /swapfile, which is 16746496 in my case (look for the first value in the two columns under ‘physical_offset‘):

user $ sudo filefrag -v /swapfile
Filesystem type is: ef53
File size of /swapfile is 4294967296 (1048576 blocks of 4096 bytes)
 ext:     logical_offset:        physical_offset: length:   expected: flags:
   0:        0..   30719:   16746496..  16777215:  30720:            
   1:    30720..   63487:   16809984..  16842751:  32768:   16777216:
   2:    63488..   96255:   16842752..  16875519:  32768:            
   3:    96256..  126975:   16875520..  16906239:  30720:            
   4:   126976..  129023:   16908288..  16910335:   2048:   16906240:
   5:   129024..  161791:   16912384..  16945151:  32768:   16910336:
   6:   161792..  194559:   16945152..  16977919:  32768:            
   7:   194560..  227327:   16977920..  17010687:  32768:            
   8:   227328..  249855:   17010688..  17033215:  22528:            
   9:   249856..  282623:   17035264..  17068031:  32768:   17033216:
  10:   282624..  315391:   17068032..  17100799:  32768:            
  11:   315392..  319487:   17100800..  17104895:   4096:            
  12:   319488..  321535:   17121280..  17123327:   2048:   17104896:
  13:   321536..  325631:   17129472..  17133567:   4096:   17123328:
  14:   325632..  327679:   17137664..  17139711:   2048:   17133568:
  15:   327680..  329727:   17143808..  17145855:   2048:   17139712:
  16:   329728..  331775:   17154048..  17156095:   2048:   17145856:
  17:   331776..  339967:   17162240..  17170431:   8192:   17156096:
  18:   339968..  344063:   24485888..  24489983:   4096:   17170432:
  19:   344064..  346111:   32665600..  32667647:   2048:   24489984:
  20:   346112..  348159:   32677888..  32679935:   2048:   32667648:
  21:   348160..  350207:   33261568..  33263615:   2048:   32679936:
  22:   350208..  352255:   33363968..  33366015:   2048:   33263616:
  23:   352256..  354303:   33853440..  33855487:   2048:   33366016:
  24:   354304..  356351:   34000896..  34002943:   2048:   33855488:
  25:   356352..  389119:   34027520..  34060287:  32768:   34002944:
  26:   389120..  391167:   34060288..  34062335:   2048:            
  27:   391168..  393215:   34134016..  34136063:   2048:   34062336:
  28:   393216..  395263:   34158592..  34160639:   2048:   34136064:
  29:   395264..  428031:   34189312..  34222079:  32768:   34160640:
  30:   428032..  452607:   34222080..  34246655:  24576:            
  31:   452608..  485375:   34248704..  34281471:  32768:   34246656:
  32:   485376..  518143:   34281472..  34314239:  32768:            
  33:   518144..  550911:   34314240..  34347007:  32768:            
  34:   550912..  583679:   34347008..  34379775:  32768:            
  35:   583680..  616447:   34379776..  34412543:  32768:            
  36:   616448..  643071:   34412544..  34439167:  26624:            
  37:   643072..  645119:   34445312..  34447359:   2048:   34439168:
  38:   645120..  649215:   34457600..  34461695:   4096:   34447360:
  39:   649216..  659455:   34463744..  34473983:  10240:   34461696:
  40:   659456..  688127:   34476032..  34504703:  28672:   34473984:
  41:   688128..  690175:   34506752..  34508799:   2048:   34504704:
  42:   690176..  692223:   34510848..  34512895:   2048:   34508800:
  43:   692224..  724991:   34514944..  34547711:  32768:   34512896:
  44:   724992..  757759:   34549760..  34582527:  32768:   34547712:
  45:   757760..  778239:   34582528..  34603007:  20480:            
  46:   778240..  786431:   34637824..  34646015:   8192:   34603008:
  47:   786432..  819199:   34648064..  34680831:  32768:   34646016:
  48:   819200..  843775:   34680832..  34705407:  24576:            
  49:   843776..  845823:   34707456..  34709503:   2048:   34705408:
  50:   845824..  849919:   34713600..  34717695:   4096:   34709504:
  51:   849920..  854015:   34729984..  34734079:   4096:   34717696:
  52:   854016..  886783:   34744320..  34777087:  32768:   34734080:
  53:   886784..  919551:   34777088..  34809855:  32768:            
  54:   919552..  950271:   34809856..  34840575:  30720:            
  55:   950272..  983039:   34842624..  34875391:  32768:   34840576:
  56:   983040.. 1015807:   34875392..  34908159:  32768:            
  57:  1015808.. 1048575:   34908160..  34940927:  32768:             last,eof
/swapfile: 38 extents found

Note that you can also find the resume_offset by installing the package uswsusp and using the command swap-offset on the swap file:

user $ sudo apt install uswsusp
user $ sudo swap-offset /swapfile
resume offset = 16746496

5.  I updated the file /boot/grub/grub.cfg using the information found in Steps 3 & 4 as follows:

5.1  I added ‘resume=UUID=afe17116-26fa-4169-b2d9-fb6ac8afc63c resume_offset=16746496 resumedelay=15‘ to the parameters in the variable GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT in the file /etc/default/grub (Your existing parameters could be different to mine; that is not a problem):

user $ sudo nano /etc/default/grub

#
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi_backlight=vendor acpi_osi='!Windows 2013' acpi_osi='!Windows 2012' resume=UUID=afe17116-26fa-4169-b2d9-fb6ac8afc63c resume_offset=16746496 resumedelay=15"
#

Note that the optional ‘resumedelay=15‘ specifies the delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to read the resume files. I added this to try to allow enough time for the filesystem containing the swap file to become Read-Write.

5.2  I regenerated /boot/grub/grub.cfg by using the following command:

user $ sudo update-grub

6.  I edited the file /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume using the information found in Steps 3 & 4, and regenerated the initramfs files for the kernel images in the /boot directory:

user $ sudo nano /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume

RESUME=UUID=afe17116-26fa-4169-b2d9-fb6ac8afc63c resume_offset=16746496
# Resume from /swapfile

user $ sudo update-initramfs -u -k all

7.  I edited the Polkit rules files to permit hibernation (Create the files if they do not already exist):

7.1  For Polkit version 0.106 and higher

user $ sudo nano /etc/polkit-1/rules.d/85-suspend.rules

polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
    if (action.id == "org.freedesktop.login1.suspend" ||
        action.id == "org.freedesktop.login1.suspend-multiple-sessions" ||
        action.id == "org.freedesktop.login1.hibernate" ||
        action.id == "org.freedesktop.login1.hibernate-multiple-sessions")
    {
        return polkit.Result.YES;
    }
});

7.2  For Polkit versions below 0.106

user $ sudo nano /var/lib/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-enable-suspend-on-lockscreen.pkla

[Allow hibernation and suspending with lock screen]
Identity=unix-user:*
Action=org.freedesktop.login1.suspend;org.freedesktop.login1.suspend-multiple-sessions;org.freedesktop.login1.hibernate;org.freedesktop.login1.hibernate-multiple-sessions
ResultAny=yes
ResultInactive=yes
ResultActive=yes

It does not do any harm to create both the above-mentioned rules files, whatever the version of Polkit that happens to be installed.

8.  I rebooted, logged in, launched a few GUI applications and then clicked on the Lubuntu menu icon on the Panel and selected ‘Logout’ > ‘Hibernate’, which did put the machine into hibernation. I then pressed the PC’s power push-button to resume from disk, entered my password on the lock screen and the Desktop appeared exactly as it was prior to hibernation. All good.

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Getting the lock screen to work reliably when resuming from suspension in a single-seat, multi-user Lubuntu 18.04 installation

In an earlier post I described my attempt at getting the lock screen to work reliably in the single-seat, multi-user Lubuntu 17.10 installation on my family’s desktop PC. Although the modifications described in that post seemed to improve matters somewhat, users were still not always able to login from the LightDM greeter screen after resuming from Suspend to RAM in the following situation:

1. User_A logs in to User_A’s account but does not log out after using the account.
2. User_B clicks on ‘Logout’ > ‘Switch User’ to log in to User_B’s account but does not log out.
3. User_A clicks on ‘Logout’ > ‘Switch User’ to get back to User_A’s account.
4. User_A allows his/her session to timeout and suspend to RAM.
5. User_B presses a key on the keyboard to resume from suspension, and the LightDM lock screen is displayed.
6. User_B enters his/her password and then clicks on ‘Unlock’, but the LightDM lock screen remains on display and nobody can log in any more, although the keys on the lock screen are still clickable.

When this occurs, the only way users can access their Desktop is to click on the Power icon in the top right corner of the lock screen and select ‘Restart…’.

The Software Updater in Lubuntu 17.10 recently offered me the choice of upgrading to Lubuntu 18.04, which I accepted. The upgrade was performed and the only hitch that resulted was an incorrect initramfs, which was simple enough to fix (see my post Lubuntu 18.04 ‘Gave up waiting for suspend/resume device’). However, the above-mentioned problem of unlocking after resuming from suspension still occurred in Lubuntu 18.04. Below are the changes I made since the modifications described in my post Getting the lock screen to work properly when resuming from Suspend-to-RAM with multiple sessions in Lubuntu 17.10 (the other changes in that post remain), which seem to have cured the problem.

Change to Item 2 in my earlier post

I reverted the Exec line in /etc/xdg/autostart/light-locker.desktop back to how it was originally following installation of Lubuntu:

user $ grep Exec /etc/xdg/autostart/light-locker.desktop
Exec=light-locker

Change to Item 3 in my earlier post

I deleted the file /lib/systemd/system-sleep/hang-fix that I had previously created:

user $ sudo rm /lib/systemd/system-sleep/hang-fix

Change to Item 7 in my earlier post

The Xfce Power Manager ‘Security’ tab for each user now has ‘Lock screen when system is going for sleep’ ticked:

Light Locker

• Automatically lock the session: Never
• Delay locking after screensaver for: ‘1 Seconds’ is greyed out
• ‘Lock screen when system is going for sleep’ is ticked

The full Xfce Power Manager settings for each user (see the file ~/.config/xfce4/xfconf/xfce-perchannel-xml/xfce4-power-manager.xml in each user’s home directory) are now configured as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<channel name="xfce4-power-manager" version="1.0">
  <property name="xfce4-power-manager" type="empty">
    <property name="power-button-action" type="empty"/>
    <property name="show-tray-icon" type="empty"/>
    <property name="brightness-switch-restore-on-exit" type="int" value="1"/>
    <property name="brightness-switch" type="int" value="0"/>
    <property name="presentation-mode" type="bool" value="false"/>
    <property name="inactivity-on-ac" type="uint" value="30"/>
    <property name="blank-on-ac" type="int" value="10"/>
    <property name="dpms-on-ac-sleep" type="uint" value="0"/>
    <property name="dpms-on-ac-off" type="uint" value="0"/>
    <property name="brightness-on-ac" type="uint" value="9"/>
    <property name="lock-screen-suspend-hibernate" type="bool" value="true"/>
    <property name="logind-handle-lid-switch" type="bool" value="false"/>
    <property name="dpms-enabled" type="bool" value="false"/>
    <property name="general-notification" type="bool" value="true"/>
  </property>
</channel>

Additional modifications

In another of my posts (Prevent Lubuntu 17.10 from leaving an external HDD mounted incorrectly for other users) I explained the modifications I made in Lubuntu 17.10 for a single-seat, multi-user installation to work properly with a permanently connected external USB HDD. However, I recently noticed the following problems resulting from those modifications:

A. The following error message in the LightDM log file /var/log/lightdm/lightdm.log:

[SeatDefaults] is now called [Seat:*], please update this configuration

So I changed the contents of the file /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/10_lubuntu.conf from:

[SeatDefaults]
session-cleanup-script=/etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/unmount_FREECOM_HDD.sh

to:

[Seat:*]
session-cleanup-script=/etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/unmount_FREECOM_HDD.sh

B. The following error message in the LightDM log file/var/log/lightdm/lightdm.log when the USB external HDD happened to not be mounted at the time:

DEBUG: Launching process 8569: /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/unmount_FREECOM_HDD.sh
DEBUG: Process 8569 terminated with signal 11

So I changed the contents of my Bash script /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/unmount_FREECOM_HDD.sh from:

#!/bin/bash
udisksctl unmount --block-device /dev/disk/by-uuid/C6576A087368B015

to:

#!/bin/bash
STATUS=`mount | grep $(readlink -f /dev/disk/by-uuid/C6576A087368B015 )`
if [[ ! -z $STATUS ]]; then
    udisksctl unmount --block-device /dev/disk/by-uuid/C6576A087368B015
fi
exit 0

Conclusions

It is early days, but so far the login problem for other users after resuming from suspension has not reoccurred since I made the latest changes. I am not sure if the modifications described in my post ‘Prevent Lubuntu 17.10 from leaving an external HDD mounted incorrectly for other users‘ contributed to (or caused) the login problem, or whether one or more of systemd-logind, LightDM, LightDM GTK+ Greeter, Light Locker and Xfce Power Manager are to blame (since they have to work holistically to provide the required functionality). It is frustrating not knowing the root cause of the problem, but at least my family no longer has to worry about being able to log in if a family member has not logged out and left the PC to suspend.